AI AWS certificates

1. Compute Services

These are like the “brains” that run your applications.

• Amazon EC2
  Virtual servers in the cloud.
  Use when: You need full control over the OS, networking, and scaling.

• AWS Lambda
  Serverless functions (run code without managing servers).
  Use when: You want to run small tasks or event-driven code without worrying about servers.

• AWS Fargate (with ECS/EKS)
  Run containers without managing servers.
  Use when: You have Docker containers and want zero infrastructure management.

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✅ 2. Storage Services

Think of these as “places to keep your stuff.”

• Amazon S3
  Object storage for files, images, backups.
  Use when: You need scalable, durable storage for any type of data.

• Amazon EBS
  Block storage for EC2 (like a hard drive).
  Use when: You need storage attached to a virtual machine.

• Amazon EFS
  Shared file system for multiple servers.
  Use when: You need a network file system accessible by many EC2 instances.

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✅ 3. Database Services

Your “data brain.”

• Amazon RDS
  Managed relational database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.).
  Use when: You need a traditional SQL database without managing servers.

• Amazon DynamoDB
  NoSQL database, super fast and scalable.
  Use when: You need high-speed key-value storage.

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✅ 4. Networking

How everything talks to each other.

• Amazon VPC
  Your private network in AWS.
  Use when: You want to control IP ranges, subnets, and security.

• Elastic Load Balancer (ELB)
  Distributes traffic across servers.
  Use when: You need high availability and fault tolerance.

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✅ 5. Security

Keep things safe.

• IAM (Identity and Access Management)
  Controls who can do what.
  Use when: You need fine-grained permissions for users and services.

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✅ 6. Monitoring

Keep an eye on things.

• Amazon CloudWatch
  Monitors performance and logs.
  Use when: You want alerts and dashboards for your AWS resources.

1. Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service)

Think of S3 as a giant online locker for files like photos, videos, backups, and documents.

Types of S3 Storage Classes

• S3 Standard → For files you access often.
• S3 Intelligent-Tiering → For files with unpredictable access (AWS moves them to cheaper tiers automatically).
• S3 Standard-IA (Infrequent Access) → For files you rarely use but need quickly when required.
• S3 One Zone-IA → Same as above but stored in one location (cheaper, less resilient).
• S3 Glacier → For archives you almost never need (retrieval takes minutes to hours).
• S3 Glacier Deep Archive → For long-term storage (retrieval takes hours, cheapest option).

Use S3 when: You need scalable, durable storage for any type of file.

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✅ 2. Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store)

Think of EBS as a hard drive attached to your EC2 virtual machine.

Types of EBS Volumes

• gp3 (General Purpose SSD) → Balanced performance and cost (most common).
• io1/io2 (Provisioned IOPS SSD) → For high-performance databases.
• st1 (Throughput Optimized HDD) → For big data and streaming workloads.
• sc1 (Cold HDD) → For rarely accessed data (cheapest).

Use EBS when: You need storage that acts like a disk for your EC2 instance.

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✅ 3. Amazon EFS (Elastic File System)

Think of EFS as a shared network drive that multiple servers can access at the same time.

Types of EFS

• EFS Standard → For regular workloads.
• EFS One Zone → Cheaper, stored in one Availability Zone.
• EFS Infrequent Access → For files you rarely use (cost-saving).

Use EFS when: You need a shared file system for multiple EC2 instances.

✅ AWS Snowball

Think of Snowball as a big, secure hard drive that AWS ships to you.

• You copy your huge data (like 20 TB) onto it.
• Then you send it back to AWS.
• AWS uploads your data to the cloud for you.

Why use it?
If you try to upload 20 TB over the internet, it could take weeks or months. Snowball makes it fast and avoids network issues.

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✅ AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)

Think of DMS as a data mover that keeps your old and new databases in sync.

• It copies your database from on-premises to AWS.
• While copying, it keeps updating changes so your data stays current.
• When ready, you switch over with minimal downtime.

Why use it?
If your app is still running during migration, DMS ensures you don’t lose any updates.

AWS Global Accelerator

• What it does: Speeds up global application traffic by routing users through the AWS global network instead of the public internet.
• How: Uses static IPs and optimizes routing to the nearest AWS edge location.
• Best for: Applications that need low latency and high availability globally (e.g., gaming, VoIP, APIs).
• Key point: Improves network performance, not content caching.

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✅ Amazon CloudFront

• What it does: A Content Delivery Network (CDN) that caches static and dynamic content (images, videos, files) at edge locations worldwide.
• How: Reduces load on origin (like S3) and speeds up delivery to users.
• Best for: Websites, media streaming, software downloads.
• Key point: Improves content delivery speed and reduces origin cost.

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✅ Amazon ElastiCache

• What it does: A caching service for databases (Redis or Memcached).
• How: Stores frequently accessed data in memory for fast retrieval.
• Best for: Applications with heavy database reads (gaming leaderboards, session storage).
• Key point: Improves application/database performance, not global traffic or content delivery.

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Quick Analogy

• Global Accelerator = Fast highway for your app traffic.
• CloudFront = Local warehouses for your files (so users don’t wait for shipping from the main store).
• ElastiCache = A quick-access drawer for your most-used data.

OSI Model Layers (Simple Explanation)

1. Physical Layer
   • What it is: The actual wires, cables, Wi-Fi signals.
   • Job: Moves bits (0s and 1s) physically from one device to another.
   • Analogy: The road where cars (data) travel.

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2. Data Link Layer
   • What it is: Deals with MAC addresses and error detection.
   • Job: Makes sure data frames are delivered correctly on the same network.
   • Analogy: Traffic lights and rules on the road.

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3. Network Layer
   • What it is: Handles IP addresses and routing.
   • Job: Decides the best path for data to travel across networks.
   • Analogy: GPS that finds the best route.

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4. Transport Layer
   • What it is: TCP/UDP protocols.
   • Job: Ensures data arrives correctly and in order (TCP) or fast without checks (UDP).
   • Analogy: Delivery service that guarantees packages arrive safely (TCP) or quickly without checking (UDP).

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5. Session Layer
   • What it is: Manages sessions between applications.
   • Job: Keeps track of conversations (like login sessions).
   • Analogy: A phone call that stays connected until you hang up.

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6. Presentation Layer
   • What it is: Translates data formats (encryption, compression).
   • Job: Makes sure data is readable for the application.
   • Analogy: A translator converting languages.

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7. Application Layer
• What it is: Where apps like browsers, email, and games live.
• Job: Provides the interface for users to interact with the network.
• Analogy: The restaurant menu you use to order food.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• What it does: Makes sure data arrives correctly and in order.
• How:
  • Checks for errors.
  • Resends missing packets.
  • Keeps a connection open until all data is delivered.

 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

• What it does: Sends data fast, but doesn’t check if it arrives.
• How:
  • No error checking.
  • No guarantee of order.
  • No connection—just fire and forget.

AWS Lambda (compute)

• Runs your code on demand (Python, Node.js, Java, etc.).
• No servers to manage.
• Scales automatically.
• Configure memory (e.g., 1 GB) and /tmp storage (up to 10 GB).

Amazon API Gateway (API layer)

• Exposes REST/HTTP endpoints (e.g., POST /cashback).
• Invokes Lambda (Lambda proxy integration).
• Handles auth (IAM, Cognito, JWT), rate limiting, and request validation.

Amazon RDS / Aurora (relational database)

• Managed MySQL/PostgreSQL (relational schema, SQL).
• Automated backups, patching, and scaling options.
• Use RDS Proxy for efficient connections from Lambda.

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How they work together (request flow)

1. Client calls API Gateway (/cashback).
2. API Gateway triggers Lambda with the request payload (JSON).
3. Lambda executes business logic, queries RDS/Aurora (SQL).
4. Lambda returns an HTTP response to API Gateway, which returns it to the client.

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Key settings (keep it simple)

• Lambda: 1 GB memory, short timeouts (< 29s), environment variables for config.
• API Gateway: HTTP API (cheaper) or REST API (more features), JWT/Cognito for auth.
• RDS/Aurora: Private subnets; access via RDS Proxy; credentials in Secrets Manager.

What is a VPC?

Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) is a private network inside AWS where you can launch your resources (like EC2, RDS, Lambda with VPC access) securely.

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✅ Key Points in Simple Technical Terms:

• Virtual Network: Like your own private section of AWS cloud.
• Isolation: Your resources are isolated from others.
• Customizable: You choose IP ranges, subnets, routing, and security.
• Secure: Use Security Groups and Network ACLs to control traffic.
• Connectivity: Can connect to the internet (via Internet Gateway), other VPCs (via VPC Peering), or on-premises (via VPN or Direct Connect).

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✅ Components of a VPC:

• Subnets: Divide your VPC into smaller networks (public or private).
• Route Tables: Define how traffic flows.
• Internet Gateway: Allows public internet access.
• NAT Gateway: Lets private subnets access the internet securely.
• Security Groups: Firewall for instances.
• Network ACLs: Firewall for subnets.

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✅ Why use VPC?

• To securely run applications in a controlled environment.
• To connect AWS resources to your on-premises network.
• To control traffic flow and IP addressing.

What’s happening?

• The company has two VPCs:
  • Cache VPC → Contains the Amazon ElastiCache cluster.
  • App VPC → Contains the EC2 instances running the application.
• Both VPCs are in the same AWS Region (us-east-1).
• The EC2 instances need to connect to ElastiCache, but they are in different VPCs.

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✅ The Problem

By default, resources in different VPCs cannot talk to each other unless you set up a connection.

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✅ The Solution

Use VPC Peering or AWS Transit Gateway to connect the two VPCs.

• VPC Peering:

  • Creates a direct network link between the two VPCs.
  • After peering, you update route tables so EC2 in App VPC can reach ElastiCache in Cache VPC.
  • Works well for simple two-VPC setups.

• AWS Transit Gateway:

  • Best for complex architectures with multiple VPCs.
  • Acts like a hub to connect many VPCs together.

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✅ Steps in Simple Terms

1. Create VPC Peering connection between App VPC and Cache VPC.
2. Update route tables in both VPCs to allow traffic.
3. Ensure security groups and network ACLs allow access on ElastiCache ports (e.g., Redis = 6379).

IP Address :

CIDR notation.

10.100.100.0/24 means:

• The network starts at 10.100.100.0.
• The first three parts (10.100.100) stay the same.
• The last part (the fourth number) can go from 0 to 255.

So the range is:

• 10.100.100.0 → 10.100.100.255
• That’s 256 IP addresses in tota

CIDR	Fixed Parts	IP Range Size
/32	All 4 numbers	1 IP
/24	First 3 numbers	256 IPs
/16	First 2 numbers	65,536 IPs
/8	First 1 number	16.7 million IPs

Feature	S3 Transfer Acceleration	CloudFront	Standard S3 Transfer
Goal	Faster uploads/downloads	Global content cache	Direct S3 access
Optimized Network	Yes	Yes	No
Use Case	Large files, remote users	Web/app content	Simple transfers

IPv6 Address Basics

• Format: 128-bit address (much bigger than IPv4’s 32-bit).

• Looks like:
  2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
  (Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons).

• Why so long?
  Because IPv6 provides trillions of unique addresses, enough for every device on Earth.

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Key Features

• No need for NAT (Network Address Translation).
• Built-in security (IPSec).
• Better support for mobile devices.
• Simplifies routing.

Problem

• EC2 instances have IPv6 addresses.
• They need to initiate outbound connections to the internet.
• External services must NOT initiate inbound connections (security policy).

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Solution

Use an Egress-Only Internet Gateway.

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Why?

• For IPv4, we use NAT Gateway for outbound-only traffic.
• For IPv6, NAT is not needed because IPv6 addresses are globally unique.
• Instead, AWS provides Egress-Only Internet Gateway, which:
  • Allows outbound IPv6 traffic to the internet.
  • Blocks inbound traffic initiated from the internet.
  • Meets the security requirement (no external service can start a connection).

AI

AI is a field of computer science dedicated to solving problems that we commonly associate with human intelligence

1. Image creation -

2.Image recognition - car deduct obstacle 

3. Speech to text 

4. Learning

How does AI work?

This will have training Data set . here we got fruits. Data Scientist train a model. this means some code that has ability to train a model.  this model group the fruits based on category.

there are tones of algorithm like this.

History of AI

Deep Blue - chess game and computer beat the human

Deep Learning Revolution. Google AlphaGo 2016 - Defeating Go champion Lee sedol. this is a game.

2020s Ai in everyday

AI Use cases

1. Transcribe and translate spoke language
2. playing humans in gmae
3. Driving cars, flying aorplanes
4. speech recognitions and generation
5. sugestion code for developers
6. dotors use ai for finding brain tumor
7. automating business process 
8. fraud detection

What is cloud computing section

How websites work

client (Client IP Address) -> network --> server(Server IP Address)

client send request to server using the ip address

same as mail -> post box- > postman ->send to address

server are just like mail

server contains cpu - computation- calc - results

            - memory -store and retrieve info

            - cpu +memory = brain

            -storage - file/ db

            - network - routers , switch, dns server

IT Terminlogy

1. Network : cables routers & servers connected with each other

2. Router: A networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks, They know where to send your packets on the internet

3. Switch: takes a packet and send it to the correct server / cleint on your network

Traditionally how to build infrastructure

home or garage : website grows need more server. move the website to a office --> moved to data center when the webiste grows, datacener got more servers

problems:

rents, power, cooling and maintenance 

replace server takes long time

scaling is limited - 10 times bigger server if we need it. 24/7 server maintainence require. 

externalise all this is cloud

What is cloud computing 

1. cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute powerm db, applications other it services

2. pay-as-you-go

you can provision exactly the right type and size of ccomputing resourcers you need 

you can access as many resources as you need almost instantly

simple way to access serversm storage, db and set of applicaiton services

aws owns and maintians the network connected hardware required for these application services while you provison and use what you need via a web application

private cloud - rackspace- single org not exposed. more security for app. 

public cloud - azure, google cloud, aws, cloud resources owned and operated by 3rd party clod service provider delivered over the internet 

six advantage of cloud computing 

hybrid cloud: on premises and cloud. 

5 characteristics of cloud computing

1. on-demand self services 

2. broad network access

3. multi tenancy and resource pooling 

4. rapid elasticity and sacalability 

5. measured service. 

6 advantages

1. trade captial expense. for operational expense 

2. benefit from massive economies of scale

3. stop guessing  capacity

4. Increase speed and agility

5. stop spending money running and maintianing data centers

6. go global in minutes

Problem solved by the cloud 

flexible

cost effective

scalable

elasticity

high available & fault tolerance

agility 

Type of cloud computing 

iaas - infrastructure as a service 

    - provide building blocks for cloud it

    - provides networking computers data storage space 

    - flexibility 

Platform as service - just focus on deployment

Saas - software as a service 

    - complete product that is run and managed by the service provider

Onpremises we need to maange all 

1. applicaitons
2. data
3. runtime
4. middleware
5. os
6. virtualization
7. servers
8. storages 
9. networking

IAAS - managed by us

• applicaitons
• data
• runtime
• middleware
• os

Aws manage this 

1. virtualization
2. servers
3. storages 
4. networking

PAAS

managed by us

1. applicaiton
2. data 

managed by aws

1. runtime
2. middleware
3. os
4. virtualization
5. servers
6. storages 
7. networking

SAAS

everything is managed by aws

1. applicaitons
2. data
3. runtime
4. middleware
5. os
6. virtualization
7. servers
8. storages 
9. networking

IAAS

1. AWS EC2
2. GCP, Azure, rackspace, digital ocena linode

PAAS

1. Elastic beanstalk

2. Heroku, GCP, Azure

SAAS

1. Rekognition for mL

2, gmail dropbox

3. zoom

Pricing:

3 fundamentals

compute - pay for compute time

storage - pay for data stored in the cloud

Data transfer OUT of the cloud:

data transfer IN is free

solves the expensive issue of gtraditioanl IT 

AWS global infrastructures

• aws regions
• az
• dc
• edge locations/points of presence

each region is connected throw network and its aws private network

each region for avalaibiltiy zone. 

aws region:

1. us east1

2. useast2

all around the world 

region- cluster of datacenters

most aws services are region-scoped 

how to choose a aws region

1. dependence 

• compliance - gov wanted to be in a spec region
• proximity to customer: reduce latency. close to users 
• available services with in a region 
• pricing - varies region to region

Availability zone - region - got az. usually - 3 dc min, max are 6 dc.

AZ - separate from each others. isolated from disasters

- connected with high bandwidth, ultra low latency network

Edge Locations:

aws = 400 edge locations in 10 regions caches a in 90+ cities across 40+ countries

- content is delivered to end users with lower latency

What  GENAI

used to generate new data that is similar to the data it was trained on

• text, image, audio, code, video
• 
  
  
  
  
  
  

Foundation Model:

• To generate data, we must rely on a Foundation Model
• Foundation Models are trained on a wide variety of input data
• The models may cost tens of millions of dollars to train
• Big companies using their own foundation model
• ex: GPT 4-0 - foundation model behinf chatgpt
• there is a wide selection of foundation models from companies:
• OpenAI - chatgpt
• Meta (facebook)
• Amazon
• Google
• Anthropic
• they are spending money to build it
• Meta, Google BERT is using opensource model
• Some are commercial license(openAI, anthropic etc)

Large Language Modles (LLM)

• Type of AI designed to generate coherent human-like test
• One Notable example: GPT-4 (chatgpt)
• Trained on large of text fata
• usually very big models
• billions of parameters
• trained on books, articles, websites , other textual data
• Can perform language-related tasks
• Translation, Summarization
• Question creation
• content creation

Genertive Language Model

• We usually interact with the LLM by giving a prompt
• Then the model will leverage all the exisitng ocntent it has learned from to generate new content
• Non-deterministic: the generated text may be different for every user that uses the same prompt 
• 
  
  
  
  
  
  
• image = diffusion model
• 
  
  
  

Amazon Bedrock

1. build GENAI application, powerful, fully-mamaged service, no servers for you to manage

keep control of your data used to train the model

pay-per-use pricing model

unified apis

leverage a wide array of foundation models

out of box features: RAG, LLM Agents

Security, Privacy, governance and responsible ai features

Amazon Bedrock - Foundation Models

• 
  
  
  
  
  
  
• 

Amazon Bedrock - Base Foundation Model

How to choose?

• Model types, performance rewuirements, capabilities, constraints, compliance
• Level of customization, model size, inference options, licensing agreements, context windowsm latency
• multimodal models
• Amazon Titan
• high performing foundation models from aws
• image, text, multimodel model choices via a fully-managed apis 
• can be customised with your own data
• Smaller models are more cost effective

Amazon Bedrock - Evaluation a Model

Automatic Evalution

1. Evaluation a model for quality control

Build in task types

•     Text Summarization
• question & answer
• text classification
• open-ended text generation..
• Bring your own prompt dataset or use built in curated prompt dataset
• scores are calculated automatically
• model scores are calculated using various statistical methods (BERT score, FI)
• 
  

Note on Benchmark datasets

• Curated collections of data designed specifically at evaluationg the performance of language models
• wide range of topics, complexities, linguistic phenomena
• Helpful to measure: accuracy, speed & efficiency, scalability 
• some benchmarks datasets allow you to very quickly detect any kind of bias and potential discrimination against a group of poeple 
• 
  

 EXAM:

Cloud concepts (15%)

IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, elasticity, scalability, fault tolerance

2️⃣ AWS core services (40%)

High-level understanding only:

EC2

S3

Lambda

DynamoDB

RDS

CloudFront

VPC basics

3️⃣ Security (30%)

IAM roles

Shared responsibility model

MFA

KMS basics

4️⃣ Billing & Support (15%)

Pricing calculator

Cost Explorer

Support plans

That’s it.

🟦 A Simple Study Plan (perfect for you)

Day 1 → Cloud concepts + Global infra

Day 2 → EC2, S3, IAM

Day 3 → Serverless (Lambda, API Gateway, DynamoDB)

Day 4 → Databases + VPC basics

Day 5 → Billing, pricing, support plans

Day 6 → 2–3 practice tests

Day 7 → Final practice + schedule exam

You’ll be 100% ready.

What is cloud computing?

you rent compute, storage and database

pay per usage

you dont buy a server 

Benefits 

1. Scalability = automatically increase the capacity based on high load

2. Elascity = scale up and scale down based on high demand

3. agility = launch server with in mins and dont wait for weeks 

4. high avalability = system is online if something goes wrong

5. fault tolerance = system is running if something breaks 

6. cost optimization = pay only what you used 

Cloud Model

IaaS = Infrastructure as service = you manage the OS and apps ex: EC2

PaaS = Platforma as service = aws manage Os and runtime ex: Beanstak

Saas = Software as service = aws manages apps = gmail, salesforce

Deployment Model

Public cloud = aws resources shared securely among customers 

private cloud  = you own dc

Hybrid cloud  = mix of aws + your dc 

AWS Infrastructure = global network gives high speed and low latency

Regions - physical locaiton. eu-west-2 (london) us-east-1 (norht virgina). you choose region based on altency, cost and complainece 

Az = one region contains one or more seperate AZ. dC isolated from each ( fire and flood safe )

Each AZ contians one or more seperate datacenters 

they are connected with high speed  low latency fibers. this gives high avaliability 

Edge location - cloudfront cdn, used by netflix, cache hte content. deliver data faster to users

Local zone / wavelength 

The AWS Cloud spans 123 Availability Zones within 39 Geographic Regions, with announced plans for 7 more Availability Zones and 2 more AWS Regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Chile.

AWS Infrastructure Components – Simple Summary

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1. Regions (AWS Regions)

• A Region is a physical area in the world where AWS has its data centers.
• Each Region contains multiple Availability Zones (AZs) – always at least three, and each one is isolated from the others.
• Unlike other cloud providers that may use one data center = one region, AWS regions have multiple AZs for better reliability.
• Each AZ has its own power, cooling, and security.
• AZs are connected with fast, low‑latency, redundant networks, making it easy to build highly available systems.
• Regions follow strong security and compliance standards.
• AWS has Regions worldwide: North America, South America, Europe, China, Asia Pacific, South Africa, and the Middle East.
• AWS continues to launch new Regions quickly to serve global customers.

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2. Availability Zones (AZs)

• An AZ is one or more separate data centers inside a Region.
• AZs have redundant power, networking, and connectivity.
• All AZs in a Region are interconnected with high‑bandwidth, low‑latency fiber networks.
• Traffic between AZs is fully encrypted.
• Network performance is good enough for synchronous data replication.
• AZs are separated by many kilometers (but within 100 km) for protection against natural disasters.
• Running applications across multiple AZs increases fault tolerance and high availability.

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3. Local Zones

• Local Zones bring AWS compute and storage closer to end users.
• Useful for applications that require very low latency (single‑digit milliseconds), such as:
  • media creation
  • online gaming
  • simulations
  • machine learning
• Local Zones extend an AWS Region and allow you to run services like:
  • EC2
  • VPC
  • EBS
  • File storage
  • Load Balancing
• They connect securely and with high bandwidth back to the main Region.

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4. AWS Outposts

• Outposts bring AWS infrastructure to your own data center.
• You get AWS servers and services installed on‑premises.
• You use the same AWS APIs and tools, creating a consistent hybrid cloud experience.
• Useful when workloads must stay on‑premises due to:
  • low latency needs
  • local data processing requirements
  • regulatory compliance

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5. AWS Services Overview

• AWS provides a huge range of cloud services:
  • compute
  • storage
  • databases
  • analytics
  • networking
  • machine learning
  • IoT
  • security
  • developer tools
  • mobile
  • enterprise apps
  • and more

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6. Core Services Available in Every New Region

These are launched immediately when a new Region opens (examples include):

• EC2, VPC, S3, EBS, ELB
• RDS, DynamoDB, Redshift
• IAM, KMS, Lambda, CloudWatch
• CloudTrail, CloudFormation
• SQS, SNS, API Gateway
• EKS, ECS, Fargate
• Trusted Advisor, SSM, X-Ray
• And many more foundational services

(Full list was provided in your text.)

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7. Services That Usually Launch Within 12 Months

Some services come a little later after a new Region opens (examples include):

• Athena, CloudFront, Cognito
• AWS Backup, Control Tower
• EFS, FSx
• Glue, GuardDuty
• Lake Formation
• SageMaker, Security Hub
• WAF, Shield Advanced
• Transit Gateway, DataSync
• Backup and directory services

(Again, full list was given in your text.)

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8. Customer Requests

• Customers can talk to AWS sales to:
  • express interest in bringing a Region near them
  • request roadmap details (under NDA)
  • understand service dependencies

Shared Responsibility Model

AWS Shared Responsibility Model (Simple, Clear Points)

1. Security & Compliance Are Shared

• AWS and the customer both have roles in keeping systems secure.
• AWS secures the cloud itself.
• Customers secure what they put in the cloud.

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✅ AWS Responsibility: “Security of the Cloud”

AWS is responsible for protecting the infrastructure that runs AWS services, including:

• Physical data centers (buildings, power, cooling)
• Hardware (servers, storage, networking equipment)
• Global infrastructure (Regions, AZs, Edge Locations)
• Virtualization layer and hypervisor
• Core AWS-managed software

AWS ensures the cloud platform is secure.

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✅ Customer Responsibility: “Security in the Cloud”

Customers are responsible for what they build or store in AWS.

Examples of customer tasks:

• Managing the guest operating system (updates, patches)
• Installing and securing applications
• Configuring security groups/firewalls
• Protecting and encrypting their own data
• Setting IAM permissions and access control
• Classifying data (public, private, confidential)

Examples

• Amazon EC2 (IaaS):
  • Customer manages OS, patches, apps, and firewall.
• Amazon S3 or DynamoDB (managed services):
  • AWS manages infrastructure.
  • Customer manages data, permissions, encryption.

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✅ Shared Responsibility Applies to IT Controls Too

Security controls are also shared between AWS and customers.

AWS helps reduce customer workload by handling:

• Physical security
• Infrastructure maintenance
• Some operational controls, depending on the service

Customers use AWS documentation to verify their part of controls.

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✅ Types of Controls

1. Inherited Controls (AWS Only)

Customers automatically benefit from AWS's controls, such as:

• Physical security of data centers
• Environmental protection (power, HVAC)

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2. Shared Controls (Both AWS & Customer)

Each party handles its layer.

Examples:

• Patch Management
  • AWS patches infrastructure.
  • Customer patches OS and applications.
• Configuration Management
  • AWS configures infrastructure.
  • Customer configures OS, DB, apps.
• Awareness & Training
  • AWS trains its staff.
  • Customer trains their employees.

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3. Customer-Specific Controls

Fully the customer’s responsibility.

Examples:

• Network zoning or segmentation
• Protecting application traffic
• Deciding how to secure their workloads

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✅ How to Apply the Shared Responsibility Model

Customers must consider:

• Which AWS services they are using
• Which Regions they choose
• How AWS services connect to their existing systems
• What laws and regulations apply to their industry/workload

This helps determine exactly which responsibilities fall on AWS and which fall on the customer.

        

        

Python basic

 

Python Basics Summary

1. Hello World Program

   • Use print("Hello, World!") to display text.

2. Syntax Errors

   • Occur when Python can't understand your code due to incorrect structure.
   • Example: missing brackets, colons, or using wrong keywords.
   • print("Hello"  # ❌ SyntaxError: missing closing parenthesis
   
   
3. Variable Naming Rules
1. Must start with a letter or underscore (_)
2. Can include letters, numbers, and underscores
3. Cannot use Python keywords (like class, if, def)
4. Case-sensitive (Name ≠ name)

5. student_name = "Aisha"  # ✅ Valid
   1name = "Ben"           # ❌ Invalid

4. Using Variables

   • Variables store data like text, numbers, or results of calculations.

   • name = "Aisha"
     score = 85
     total = score + 10

5. Input from Command Prompt
1. Use input() to get user input.
2. Always returns a string, so convert to int or float if needed.

3. name = input("Enter your name: ")
   age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

6. Comments in Python

• Used to explain code or leave notes.
• Single-line: # This is a comment
• Multi-line: ''' This is a multi-line comment '''
• 

7. Data Types
1. str: text (e.g., "Hello")
2. int: whole numbers (e.g., 10)
3. float: decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14)

8. Assignment Statements

   • Use = to assign values to variables.

9. If-Else Statements

   • Make decisions using if, elif, and else.

   • score = 75
     if score >= 50:
         print("Pass")
     else:
         print("Fail")

10. BIDMAS Rule in Arithmetic

    • Python follows Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.

    • result = (3 + 2) * 4 ** 2 / 2 - 5

11. Comparison Operators

    • ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= for comparing values.

12. Indentation

    • Python uses indentation to define blocks of code (e.g., inside if, for, def).

13. Types of Errors

    • Syntax Error: Code structure mistake
    • Runtime Error: Error during execution (e.g., divide by zero)
    • Logic Error: Code runs but gives wrong result

14. Loops

    • for loop: repeat a known number of times

    • for i in range(5):
          print(i)

    • while loop: repeat while a condition is true

    • count = 1
      while count <= 5:
          print(count)
          count += 1
      

2-Day Rome Itinerary with History, Highlights & Timings

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✅ Day 1: Ancient Rome & City Highlights

9:30  |  Spanish Steps 

When built: Between 1723 and 1725 (about 300 years ago).

Why built: To connect the Trinità dei Monti church at the top with the Spanish Square (Piazza di Spagna) below, creating a grand staircase for pilgrims and visitors.

Significance (1 line): It’s one of Rome’s most iconic landmarks, symbolizing elegance and a meeting point between art, fashion, and history.

Fun facts:

• • The staircase has 135 steps and is the widest in Europe.
  • Named after the Spanish Embassy nearby, not because of Spanish architecture.
  • Famous for fashion shows and movies like Roman Holiday.
  • In spring, it’s decorated with thousands of azalea flowers.
  • Eating on the steps is banned to protect them from damage.
• Travel:
• Nearest Metro: Spagna (Line A) – right at the steps.
• Must-see: Steps and festive lights in December

Colosseum (Arena + Forum + Palatine 

 

     

• Travel: Nearest Metro: Colosseo (Line B) – right at the entrance.
• History: Built in 80 AD under Emperor Vespasian, the Colosseum was the largest amphitheater in the Roman Empire, hosting gladiator battles and public spectacles.
• Must-see:
  • Arena Floor (where gladiators fought)
  • Outer arches and facade
  • Roman Forum ruins (political center)
• Palatine Hill (birthplace of Rome)

11:30 – 12:30 | Piazza Venezia

570 years ago building 

Italy’s “Kilometer Zero” – Distances on Italian roads are measured from Piazza Venezia, making it the symbolic center of the country.

The Vittoriano Nickname – The massive monument to Vittorio Emanuele II is often called the “Wedding Cake” or “Typewriter” because of its shape.

Mussolini’s Balcony – The Palazzo Venezia balcony was where Mussolini gave his famous speeches to huge crowds.

Hidden Ancient Ruins – Beneath the square lie remains of Emperor Hadrian’s Athenaeum and parts of the Imperial Fora.

Carnival Races – For centuries, the square was the finish line for wild horse races during Rome’s Carnival.

Controversial Construction – Building the Vittoriano required demolishing a medieval neighborhood, sparking heated debates about preserving Rome’s heritage.

 

12:30 – 14:30 | Lunch + Pantheon

The Pantheon in Rome was built about 1,900 years ago, around 118–128 AD during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.

Significance in one line:
It is celebrated as the most influential example of ancient Roman architecture, featuring the world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome that inspired countless buildings for centuries.

World Record Dome – Its concrete dome is still the largest unreinforced dome in the world, even after nearly 2,000 years.

Perfect Geometry – The height and diameter of the interior are the same: about 43 meters, forming a perfect sphere inside.

Roman Concrete Secret – The Romans used lighter volcanic rock (pumice) near the top to reduce weight, which helped it last so long.

Oculus Magic – The round opening at the top (oculus) is the only source of natural light and also lets rain in—there’s a drainage system on the floor!

Saved by Christianity – It survived because it was converted into a church in 609 AD, while many other Roman temples were destroyed.

Influence Everywhere – Its design inspired buildings like the U.S. Capitol, the Panthéon in Paris, and countless Renaissance churches.

 

14:30 – 16:00 | Piazza Navona & Trevi Fountain

Piazza Navona

• When built: Originally a stadium in 86 AD, turned into a square in the 15th century, and became a Baroque masterpiece in the 1600s. 2000 years old 
• Why built: First for athletic games under Emperor Domitian; later redesigned by Pope Innocent X to glorify his family. 
• Significance (1 line): It’s Rome’s most famous Artistic and architectural style square, blending ancient Roman roots with stunning fountains and architecture.
• Fun facts:
  • Built on the outline of Domitian’s stadium, which could hold 30,000 spectators.
  • The name “Navona” comes from “agones” (games).
  • Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers (1651) features an obelisk and four river gods.
  • In summer, the square was once flooded for “water games.”
  • Rivalry alert: Bernini beat Borromini for the fountain commission with a clever silver model gift.

Trevi Fountain

          

• When built: Designed in 1732, completed in 1762 (about 260 years ago).
• Why built: To mark the end of the ancient Aqua Virgo aqueduct and celebrate Rome’s Baroque grandeur.
• Aqua Virgo aqueduct was an ancient Roman water system built in 19 BC to bring fresh water into the city.
• The Trevi Fountain was placed at the end point (terminus) of this aqueduct, where the water entered Rome.
• When the fountain was built in the 18th century, it wasn’t just functional—it was designed as a grand Baroque monument to show off Rome’s artistic and architectural glory during that era.
• Significance (1 line): The largest Baroque fountain in Rome and a global icon of art, legend, and cinema.
• Fun facts:
  • Name comes from “Tre Vie” (three roads) meeting at the fountain.
  • Tossing a coin ensures a return to Rome; about €3,000 is collected daily for charity.
  • Uses water from the same aqueduct built in 19 BC.
  • Featured in movies like La Dolce Vita and Roman Holiday.
  • Made of travertine stone—the same material as the Colosseum.

 

Via del Corso

Historic Roots: Originally part of the ancient Via Flaminia (220 BC), connecting Rome to the Adriatic Sea.

Name Origin: “Corso” comes from the horse races held during the Roman Carnival in the 15th century.

Modern Role: Today, it’s Rome’s main shopping street, stretching 1.5 km from Piazza Venezia to Piazza del Popolo, lined with historic palaces, churches, and elegant architecture.

Cultural Hub: A mix of Baroque landmarks, like San Carlo al Corso and Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, plus the Galleria Alberto Sordi shopping arcade.

Festive Charm: During Christmas, the street is draped in lights and decorations, making it one of the most magical spots in Rome

Best Shops & Boutiques on Via del Corso

• La Rinascente – High-end department store with a rooftop terrace.
• Galleria Alberto Sordi – Elegant shopping arcade with Italian and international brands.
• Zara, H&M, Mango – Affordable fashion staples.
• Calzedonia & Intimissimi – Italian lingerie and hosiery brands.
• Kiko Milano – Popular Italian cosmetics.
• Local Artisan Shops – Leather goods, jewelry, and souvenirs scattered along the street.
• Nearby Luxury Streets: Via dei Condotti (Gucci, Prada, Bulgari) and Via del Babuino for designer shopping

Hotel Via Germanico, 109, 00192 Roma RM, Italy

 

FOOD 

Indian near hotel

✅ Kohinoor

• Location: Prati  
• Specialty: Authentic North Indian dishes.
• Recommended: Butter Chicken, Paneer Tikka, Garlic Naan.
• Atmosphere: Cozy, good for dine-in. 

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✅ Jahan Ristorante -NEAREST

• Location: Prati (near Ottaviano metro)
• Style: Mix of Indian and fast-food options.
• Recommended: Chicken curry, vegetarian thali.
• Good for: Quick lunch or casual dinner. 

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✅ The Bombay Blues

• Location: Near Vatican Museums (short walk from your address).
• Specialty: Classic Indian dishes.
• Recommended: Butter Chicken, Madras Chicken Curry.  

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 ✅  Near Spanish Steps (Piazza di Spagna, 00187)

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Pastificio Guerra	€ (Budget)	Famous for cheap, authentic pasta (€4 per plate)
Ginger Sapori e Salute	€€ (Mid-range)	Healthy salads, fresh pasta, juices
Imàgo	€€€€ (Luxury)	Michelin-star rooftop dining, gourmet Italian
Babingtons Tea Rooms	€€ (Mid-range)	Elegant tea room, light lunch, pastries

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✅ Near Colosseum / Piazza Venezia

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Ristorante Aroma	€€€€ (Luxury)	Fine dining with Colosseum view
Taverna dei Fori Imperiali	€€ (Mid-range)	Traditional Roman dishes
La Carbonara	€€ (Mid-range)	Classic Roman pasta (Carbonara, Amatriciana)

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✅ Near Pantheon

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Armando al Pantheon	€€ (Mid-range)	Authentic Roman cuisine
Ristorante Della Palma	€€ (Mid-range)	Huge gelato selection (150 flavors!)

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✅ Near Piazza Navona

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Tre Scalini	€€ (Mid-range)	Famous chocolate tartufo dessert
Osteria del Pegno	€€ (Mid-range)	Cozy spot for traditional Roman dishes

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✅ Near Trevi Fountain

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Pinsitaly Trevi	€€ (Mid-range)	Excellent pizza and pasta
Il Chianti Vineria	€€ (Mid-range)	Tuscan specialties and wine

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✅ Near Via Germanico (Vatican Area)

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
La Zanzara	€€ (Mid-range)	Roman classics, cocktails
Pizzeria L’Archetto	€ (Budget)	Great pizza, casual dining

Deserts

Spanish Steps

After Pastificio Guerra or Ginger, visit Babingtons Tea Rooms for cakes or Venchi for gelato.

Pantheon

After Armando al Pantheon, go to Giolitti (legendary gelato, €3–6).

Piazza Navona

After Osteria del Pegno or Tre Scalini, try Tre Scalini’s Tartufo (famous chocolate truffle dessert, €8–10).

Trevi Fountain

After Pinsitaly or Il Chianti, stop at Gelateria Valentino or San Crispino (premium gelato, €3–6).

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✅ Day 2: Vatican & Art

11:30 – 02:00 | Vatican Museums & Sistine Chapel, Peter's Basilica

St. Peter’s Basilica
 

• Largest Church in the World: It’s the biggest Catholic church and a masterpiece of Renaissance and Baroque architecture. [matadornetwork.com]
• Religious Importance: Built over the tomb of St. Peter the Apostle, one of Jesus’ twelve disciples and the first Pope. This makes it one of the holiest sites in Christianity. [matadornetwork.com]
• Historical Role: Original basilica was built in the 4th century by Emperor Constantine; the current structure was completed in the 16th–17th centuries by architects like Michelangelo and Bernini. [britannica.com]
• Pilgrimage Site: Central to Vatican City, it hosts major Catholic ceremonies and draws millions of visitors annually. [britannica.com]
• Artistic Marvel: Houses iconic works of art and symbolizes the height of Renaissance creativity.
• Michelangelo’s Dome - Climb to the top for panoramic views of Rome and Vatican City 
• Bernini’s Baldacchino- A massive bronze canopy over the high altar, directly above St. Peter’s tomb. 
• The Pietà by Michelangelo - A stunning marble sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after the crucifixion, located near the entrance.
• St. Peter’s Tomb & Vatican Grottoes - Beneath the basilica, you can visit the necropolis and the tomb of St. Peter. 
• St. Peter’s Square - Designed by Bernini, the grand plaza outside the basilica is iconic for papal audiences. 
• Treasury Museum - Displays sacred artworks, liturgical items, and historical treasures. 
• La Navicella Mosaic by Giotto - A beautiful mosaic depicting St. Peter walking on water, located in the atrium before entering. 

Castel Sant’Angelo
 

Castel Sant’Angelo is about 1,900 years old, so it’s very close to 2,000 years.

• Originally commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family.
• It was inspired by the Mausoleum of Augustus and symbolized imperial power and grandeur
• Imperial Tomb: Held the ashes of Hadrian and several other emperors until the 3rd century. 
• Military Fortress: Converted into a fortress in 401 AD and integrated into Rome’s Aurelian Walls for defense.
• Papal Refuge: In the Middle Ages, popes used it as a safe haven during sieges. A secret passage (Passetto di Borgo) connects it to the Vatican.
• Name Origin: In 590 AD, Pope Gregory I reportedly saw Archangel Michael sheathing his sword atop the building during a plague, signifying its end—hence the name “Castle of the Holy Angel.”
• Later Uses: Served as a prison, papal apartments, and military barracks before becoming a museum in 1901.

 

Piazza del Popolo, 00187 Roma RM, Italy

A large, historic square in Rome,For centuries, this was the first view of Rome for visitors entering from the north. It symbolized the grandeur of the city.   An Egyptian obelisk from Heliopolis, brought to Rome by Emperor Augustus in 10 BC, now standing at the center of the square. Twin Churches: Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto, framing the entrance to Via del Corso

Villa Borghese

A romantic artificial lake with a small Ionic temple dedicated to the god of medicine.

A panoramic terrace overlooking Piazza del Popolo and offering one of the best sunset views in Rome. 

Historic Water Clock (Hydrochronometer) -A unique 19th-century water-powered clock designed by Giovanni Battista Embriaco

Villa Medici - 

Historic building now housing the French Academy in Rome, with art exhibitions and gardens.

Borghese Gallery

World-Class Collection: It houses some of the most important works of Renaissance and Baroque art in the world.

Intimate Setting: Unlike huge museums, the gallery is in a villa with beautifully decorated rooms, making the experience personal and immersive.

Masterpieces by Great Artists: Bernini, Caravaggio, Raphael, Titian, and Canova all have iconic works here.

Timed Entry: Only a limited number of visitors per slot, so you can enjoy the art without crowds.

Bernini’s Sculptures

• Apollo and Daphne: Captures the dramatic moment of transformation into a laurel tree. 
  The Rape of Proserpina: Incredible detail showing Pluto abducting Proserpina.
• David: Dynamic pose mid-action, a Baroque masterpiece.

Caravaggio’s Paintings

• Boy with a Basket of Fruit 
• David with the Head of Goliath
• Madonna and Child with St. Anne
• Known for dramatic light and shadow (chiaroscuro).

Canova’s Pauline Bonaparte

• A stunning neoclassical sculpture of Napoleon’s sister reclining as Venus.

Raphael’s Deposition

• A moving Renaissance painting of Christ being taken down from the cross.

Titian’s Sacred and Profane Love

• A mysterious and beautiful allegorical painting.

Ceilings and Frescoes

• Don’t forget to look up! The rooms themselves are works of art with ornate decorations.

Food

✅ Near Vatican City

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Il Sorpasso	€€ (Mid-range)	Roman pasta (Carbonara, Amatriciana), charcuterie boards, wine
Pizzarium Bonci	€ (Budget)	Pizza al taglio (by slice), creative toppings
Ristorante Arlù	€€ (Mid-range)	Fresh pasta, lamb, seafood
Duecento Gradi	€ (Budget)	Gourmet sandwiches (€6–8), over 50 varieties
La Pergola	€€€€€ (Luxury)	Michelin-star tasting menu, wine pairing (from €250+)

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✅ Near Piazza del Popolo

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Ad Hoc Ristorante	€€€ (Fine dining)	Truffle-based dishes, tasting menus
Babette	€€ (Mid-range)	Breakfast/brunch, homemade pasta, duck breast
Negresco Ristorante Pizzeria	€€	Thin-crust pizza, Roman Carbonara
Il Porto di Ripetta	€€	Seafood pasta, tuna tartare
Hotel Locarno (Aperitivo)	€€	Cocktails + Italian finger food

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✅ Near Villa Borghese

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Pastasciutta	€ (Budget)	Fresh pasta (Carbonara, Cacio e Pepe), quick service
Ristorante Vladimiro	€€	Traditional Roman dishes, meat & fish
Mirabelle	€€€€ (Luxury)	Gourmet Italian cuisine, rooftop views
Babette	€€	Breakfast, light lunch, ravioli with burrata
Canova Tadolini	€€	Carbonara (€11), dining among sculptures

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 Must-Try Desserts

1. Tiramisù

   • Layers of coffee-soaked ladyfingers, mascarpone cream, and cocoa.
   • Where to try: Pompi Tiramisù (famous for multiple flavors like strawberry and pistachio).

2. Gelato

   • Italian-style ice cream, creamier and richer than regular ice cream.
   • Where to try: Giolitti (near Pantheon) or Venchi (multiple locations).

3. Cannoli

   • Crispy pastry tubes filled with sweet ricotta cream.
   • Where to try: La Cannoleria Siciliana.

4. Maritozzo

   • Sweet bun filled with whipped cream, a Roman specialty.
   • Where to try: Regoli Pasticceria.

5. Tartufo di Cioccolato

   • Chocolate truffle dessert, often served frozen.
   • Where to try: Tre Scalini at Piazza Navona (famous for this).

6. Pastiera Napoletana

   • Traditional Easter dessert with ricotta and wheat berries, but available year-round in some pastry shops.

7. Sfogliatella

   • Layered pastry filled with sweet ricotta and candied fruit, originally from Naples but popular in Rome too.

8. Panna Cotta

   • Creamy dessert topped with fruit coulis or caramel.