AWS certificates

DAY 1 — Cloud Concepts + Global Infrastructure

Cloud Computing Cloud computing means renting servers, storage, and databases from AWS instead of buying your own hardware. AWS handles maintenance, power, cooling, and security. You get resources instantly and only pay for what you use.

Remember: • Rent, don’t buy • No hardware maintenance • Pay‑as‑you‑go

Benefits of Cloud Computing AWS lets you scale up when traffic increases and scale down when it’s quiet. You can launch servers in minutes. AWS spreads your application across multiple data centers so it stays online even if one fails.

Remember: • Scalability = grow • Elasticity = grow + shrink • High availability = stays online

AWS Shared Responsibility Model AWS and customers share security. AWS protects the infrastructure (data centers, hardware). You protect your data, IAM, OS patches, and configurations.

Remember: • AWS = security OF the cloud • You = security IN the cloud • EC2 → you patch OS • S3 → you set permissions

Cloud Service Models • IaaS – You manage OS and apps (EC2) • PaaS – You manage code only (Elastic Beanstalk) • SaaS – You just use the software (Gmail, Salesforce)

Remember: • IaaS = control • PaaS = code only • SaaS = ready‑to‑use

Deployment Models • Public cloud – AWS • Private cloud – your data center • Hybrid cloud – mix of both

Remember: • Public = AWS • Private = your DC • Hybrid = both

AWS Global Infrastructure AWS has Regions (geographic areas), each with multiple Availability Zones (separate data centers). Edge Locations deliver content faster.

Remember: • Region = location • AZ = data centers • Edge = fast content

DAY 2 — EC2, S3, IAM

EC2 (Virtual Servers) EC2 is like renting a computer in the cloud. You choose OS, size, storage, and network. You manage updates and security.

Remember: • Virtual machine • You manage OS • Auto Scaling + Load Balancer

AWS Fargate (Serverless Containers) Fargate runs Docker containers without servers. No EC2 needed. AWS handles scaling and infrastructure.

Remember: • Run containers serverlessly • Works with ECS/EKS • Pay only for runtime

S3 (Object Storage) S3 stores files like images, videos, logs, and backups. It’s extremely durable and scalable.

Remember: • Stores files • 11 nines durability • Unlimited storage

S3 Storage Classes • Standard – frequent • Intelligent‑Tiering – auto‑optimize • IA – infrequent • One Zone‑IA – cheaper • Glacier – archive • Deep Archive – long‑term

Remember: • Standard = everyday • IA = rare • Glacier = archive

EBS (Disk for EC2) EBS is a persistent block storage volume attached to EC2.

Remember: • Block storage • Persistent • Snapshots

EFS (Shared File System) EFS is a shared drive for multiple EC2 instances.

Remember: • Shared • Auto‑scaling • Multi‑EC2

IAM (Security & Access Control) IAM controls who can access what in AWS.

Remember: • Users = people • Roles = temporary • Policies = permissions

DAY 3 — Serverless (Lambda, API Gateway, DynamoDB)

Lambda (Run Code Without Servers) Lambda runs your code automatically when triggered. No servers to manage.

Remember: • No servers • Auto‑scaling • Pay per execution

API Gateway (Create APIs) API Gateway creates REST/HTTP APIs and handles authentication, throttling, and validation.

Remember: • Front door for APIs • Works with Lambda • Handles security

DynamoDB (NoSQL Database) DynamoDB is a fast, serverless NoSQL database.

Remember: • NoSQL • Millisecond speed • Auto‑scaling

Serverless Flow Client → API Gateway → Lambda → DynamoDB → Response

Remember: • Fully managed • No servers • Scales automatically

DAY 4 — Databases + VPC Basics

RDS (Managed SQL Database) RDS runs SQL databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL. AWS handles backups, patching, and failover.

Remember: • Managed SQL • AWS handles maintenance • Multi‑AZ

Aurora (High‑Performance Database) Aurora is AWS’s own database, compatible with MySQL/PostgreSQL but faster.

Remember: • Faster than MySQL • Auto‑replication • Highly available

DMS (Database Migration Service) DMS migrates databases to AWS with minimal downtime.

Remember: • Minimal downtime • Supports many DBs • Continuous sync

Snowball (Large Data Transfer) Snowball is a physical device AWS ships to you for transferring TBs of data.

Remember: • Huge data transfer • Faster than internet • Secure

VPC (Your Private Network) A VPC is your own private network inside AWS.

Remember: • Your network • Public + private subnets • Security groups = firewall

VPC Peering & Transit Gateway • Peering = connect 2 VPCs • Transit Gateway = connect many VPCs

Remember: • Peering = 1‑to‑1 • TGW = many‑to‑many • No transitive peering

CIDR (IP Addressing) CIDR defines IP ranges like 10.0.0.0/24.

Remember: • /24 = 256 IPs • /16 = 65,536 IPs • /8 = 16.7M IPs

IPv6 + Egress‑Only IGW IPv6 has globally unique addresses. No NAT needed.

Remember: • IPv6 = no NAT • Egress‑Only IGW = outbound only • Huge address space

DAY 5 — Billing, Pricing, Support Plans

Pricing Basics AWS charges for compute, storage, and data transfer OUT.

Remember: • Compute + storage cost • Data IN free • Region affects price

Cost Tools • Pricing Calculator – estimate • Cost Explorer – analyze • Budgets – alerts

Remember: • Calculator = estimate • Explorer = analyze • Budgets = alerts

Support Plans • Basic – free • Developer – email • Business – 24/7 • Enterprise – TAM

Remember: • Basic = free • Business = 24/7 • Enterprise = TAM

Python basic

 

Python Basics Summary

1. Hello World Program

   • Use print("Hello, World!") to display text.

2. Syntax Errors

   • Occur when Python can't understand your code due to incorrect structure.
   • Example: missing brackets, colons, or using wrong keywords.
   • print("Hello"  # ❌ SyntaxError: missing closing parenthesis
   
   
3. Variable Naming Rules
1. Must start with a letter or underscore (_)
2. Can include letters, numbers, and underscores
3. Cannot use Python keywords (like class, if, def)
4. Case-sensitive (Name ≠ name)

5. student_name = "Aisha"  # ✅ Valid
   1name = "Ben"           # ❌ Invalid

4. Using Variables

   • Variables store data like text, numbers, or results of calculations.

   • name = "Aisha"
     score = 85
     total = score + 10

5. Input from Command Prompt
1. Use input() to get user input.
2. Always returns a string, so convert to int or float if needed.

3. name = input("Enter your name: ")
   age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

6. Comments in Python

• Used to explain code or leave notes.
• Single-line: # This is a comment
• Multi-line: ''' This is a multi-line comment '''
• 

7. Data Types
1. str: text (e.g., "Hello")
2. int: whole numbers (e.g., 10)
3. float: decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14)

8. Assignment Statements

   • Use = to assign values to variables.

9. If-Else Statements

   • Make decisions using if, elif, and else.

   • score = 75
     if score >= 50:
         print("Pass")
     else:
         print("Fail")

10. BIDMAS Rule in Arithmetic

    • Python follows Brackets, Indices, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.

    • result = (3 + 2) * 4 ** 2 / 2 - 5

11. Comparison Operators

    • ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= for comparing values.

12. Indentation

    • Python uses indentation to define blocks of code (e.g., inside if, for, def).

13. Types of Errors

    • Syntax Error: Code structure mistake
    • Runtime Error: Error during execution (e.g., divide by zero)
    • Logic Error: Code runs but gives wrong result

14. Loops

    • for loop: repeat a known number of times

    • for i in range(5):
          print(i)

    • while loop: repeat while a condition is true

    • count = 1
      while count <= 5:
          print(count)
          count += 1
      

2-Day Rome Itinerary with History, Highlights & Timings

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✅ Day 1: Ancient Rome & City Highlights

9:30  |  Spanish Steps 

When built: Between 1723 and 1725 (about 300 years ago).

Why built: To connect the Trinità dei Monti church at the top with the Spanish Square (Piazza di Spagna) below, creating a grand staircase for pilgrims and visitors.

Significance (1 line): It’s one of Rome’s most iconic landmarks, symbolizing elegance and a meeting point between art, fashion, and history.

Fun facts:

• • The staircase has 135 steps and is the widest in Europe.
  • Named after the Spanish Embassy nearby, not because of Spanish architecture.
  • Famous for fashion shows and movies like Roman Holiday.
  • In spring, it’s decorated with thousands of azalea flowers.
  • Eating on the steps is banned to protect them from damage.
• Travel:
• Nearest Metro: Spagna (Line A) – right at the steps.
• Must-see: Steps and festive lights in December

Colosseum (Arena + Forum + Palatine 

 

     

• Travel: Nearest Metro: Colosseo (Line B) – right at the entrance.
• History: Built in 80 AD under Emperor Vespasian, the Colosseum was the largest amphitheater in the Roman Empire, hosting gladiator battles and public spectacles.
• Must-see:
  • Arena Floor (where gladiators fought)
  • Outer arches and facade
  • Roman Forum ruins (political center)
• Palatine Hill (birthplace of Rome)

11:30 – 12:30 | Piazza Venezia

570 years ago building 

Italy’s “Kilometer Zero” – Distances on Italian roads are measured from Piazza Venezia, making it the symbolic center of the country.

The Vittoriano Nickname – The massive monument to Vittorio Emanuele II is often called the “Wedding Cake” or “Typewriter” because of its shape.

Mussolini’s Balcony – The Palazzo Venezia balcony was where Mussolini gave his famous speeches to huge crowds.

Hidden Ancient Ruins – Beneath the square lie remains of Emperor Hadrian’s Athenaeum and parts of the Imperial Fora.

Carnival Races – For centuries, the square was the finish line for wild horse races during Rome’s Carnival.

Controversial Construction – Building the Vittoriano required demolishing a medieval neighborhood, sparking heated debates about preserving Rome’s heritage.

 

12:30 – 14:30 | Lunch + Pantheon

The Pantheon in Rome was built about 1,900 years ago, around 118–128 AD during Emperor Hadrian’s reign.

Significance in one line:
It is celebrated as the most influential example of ancient Roman architecture, featuring the world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome that inspired countless buildings for centuries.

World Record Dome – Its concrete dome is still the largest unreinforced dome in the world, even after nearly 2,000 years.

Perfect Geometry – The height and diameter of the interior are the same: about 43 meters, forming a perfect sphere inside.

Roman Concrete Secret – The Romans used lighter volcanic rock (pumice) near the top to reduce weight, which helped it last so long.

Oculus Magic – The round opening at the top (oculus) is the only source of natural light and also lets rain in—there’s a drainage system on the floor!

Saved by Christianity – It survived because it was converted into a church in 609 AD, while many other Roman temples were destroyed.

Influence Everywhere – Its design inspired buildings like the U.S. Capitol, the Panthéon in Paris, and countless Renaissance churches.

 

14:30 – 16:00 | Piazza Navona & Trevi Fountain

Piazza Navona

• When built: Originally a stadium in 86 AD, turned into a square in the 15th century, and became a Baroque masterpiece in the 1600s. 2000 years old 
• Why built: First for athletic games under Emperor Domitian; later redesigned by Pope Innocent X to glorify his family. 
• Significance (1 line): It’s Rome’s most famous Artistic and architectural style square, blending ancient Roman roots with stunning fountains and architecture.
• Fun facts:
  • Built on the outline of Domitian’s stadium, which could hold 30,000 spectators.
  • The name “Navona” comes from “agones” (games).
  • Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers (1651) features an obelisk and four river gods.
  • In summer, the square was once flooded for “water games.”
  • Rivalry alert: Bernini beat Borromini for the fountain commission with a clever silver model gift.

Trevi Fountain

          

• When built: Designed in 1732, completed in 1762 (about 260 years ago).
• Why built: To mark the end of the ancient Aqua Virgo aqueduct and celebrate Rome’s Baroque grandeur.
• Aqua Virgo aqueduct was an ancient Roman water system built in 19 BC to bring fresh water into the city.
• The Trevi Fountain was placed at the end point (terminus) of this aqueduct, where the water entered Rome.
• When the fountain was built in the 18th century, it wasn’t just functional—it was designed as a grand Baroque monument to show off Rome’s artistic and architectural glory during that era.
• Significance (1 line): The largest Baroque fountain in Rome and a global icon of art, legend, and cinema.
• Fun facts:
  • Name comes from “Tre Vie” (three roads) meeting at the fountain.
  • Tossing a coin ensures a return to Rome; about €3,000 is collected daily for charity.
  • Uses water from the same aqueduct built in 19 BC.
  • Featured in movies like La Dolce Vita and Roman Holiday.
  • Made of travertine stone—the same material as the Colosseum.

 

Via del Corso

Historic Roots: Originally part of the ancient Via Flaminia (220 BC), connecting Rome to the Adriatic Sea.

Name Origin: “Corso” comes from the horse races held during the Roman Carnival in the 15th century.

Modern Role: Today, it’s Rome’s main shopping street, stretching 1.5 km from Piazza Venezia to Piazza del Popolo, lined with historic palaces, churches, and elegant architecture.

Cultural Hub: A mix of Baroque landmarks, like San Carlo al Corso and Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, plus the Galleria Alberto Sordi shopping arcade.

Festive Charm: During Christmas, the street is draped in lights and decorations, making it one of the most magical spots in Rome

Best Shops & Boutiques on Via del Corso

• La Rinascente – High-end department store with a rooftop terrace.
• Galleria Alberto Sordi – Elegant shopping arcade with Italian and international brands.
• Zara, H&M, Mango – Affordable fashion staples.
• Calzedonia & Intimissimi – Italian lingerie and hosiery brands.
• Kiko Milano – Popular Italian cosmetics.
• Local Artisan Shops – Leather goods, jewelry, and souvenirs scattered along the street.
• Nearby Luxury Streets: Via dei Condotti (Gucci, Prada, Bulgari) and Via del Babuino for designer shopping

Hotel Via Germanico, 109, 00192 Roma RM, Italy

 

FOOD 

Indian near hotel

✅ Kohinoor

• Location: Prati  
• Specialty: Authentic North Indian dishes.
• Recommended: Butter Chicken, Paneer Tikka, Garlic Naan.
• Atmosphere: Cozy, good for dine-in. 

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✅ Jahan Ristorante -NEAREST

• Location: Prati (near Ottaviano metro)
• Style: Mix of Indian and fast-food options.
• Recommended: Chicken curry, vegetarian thali.
• Good for: Quick lunch or casual dinner. 

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✅ The Bombay Blues

• Location: Near Vatican Museums (short walk from your address).
• Specialty: Classic Indian dishes.
• Recommended: Butter Chicken, Madras Chicken Curry.  

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 ✅  Near Spanish Steps (Piazza di Spagna, 00187)

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Pastificio Guerra	€ (Budget)	Famous for cheap, authentic pasta (€4 per plate)
Ginger Sapori e Salute	€€ (Mid-range)	Healthy salads, fresh pasta, juices
Imàgo	€€€€ (Luxury)	Michelin-star rooftop dining, gourmet Italian
Babingtons Tea Rooms	€€ (Mid-range)	Elegant tea room, light lunch, pastries

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✅ Near Colosseum / Piazza Venezia

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Ristorante Aroma	€€€€ (Luxury)	Fine dining with Colosseum view
Taverna dei Fori Imperiali	€€ (Mid-range)	Traditional Roman dishes
La Carbonara	€€ (Mid-range)	Classic Roman pasta (Carbonara, Amatriciana)

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✅ Near Pantheon

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Armando al Pantheon	€€ (Mid-range)	Authentic Roman cuisine
Ristorante Della Palma	€€ (Mid-range)	Huge gelato selection (150 flavors!)

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✅ Near Piazza Navona

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Tre Scalini	€€ (Mid-range)	Famous chocolate tartufo dessert
Osteria del Pegno	€€ (Mid-range)	Cozy spot for traditional Roman dishes

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✅ Near Trevi Fountain

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
Pinsitaly Trevi	€€ (Mid-range)	Excellent pizza and pasta
Il Chianti Vineria	€€ (Mid-range)	Tuscan specialties and wine

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✅ Near Via Germanico (Vatican Area)

Restaurant	Price Range	Specialties
La Zanzara	€€ (Mid-range)	Roman classics, cocktails
Pizzeria L’Archetto	€ (Budget)	Great pizza, casual dining

Deserts

Spanish Steps

After Pastificio Guerra or Ginger, visit Babingtons Tea Rooms for cakes or Venchi for gelato.

Pantheon

After Armando al Pantheon, go to Giolitti (legendary gelato, €3–6).

Piazza Navona

After Osteria del Pegno or Tre Scalini, try Tre Scalini’s Tartufo (famous chocolate truffle dessert, €8–10).

Trevi Fountain

After Pinsitaly or Il Chianti, stop at Gelateria Valentino or San Crispino (premium gelato, €3–6).

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✅ Day 2: Vatican & Art

11:30 – 02:00 | Vatican Museums & Sistine Chapel, Peter's Basilica

St. Peter’s Basilica
 

• Largest Church in the World: It’s the biggest Catholic church and a masterpiece of Renaissance and Baroque architecture. [matadornetwork.com]
• Religious Importance: Built over the tomb of St. Peter the Apostle, one of Jesus’ twelve disciples and the first Pope. This makes it one of the holiest sites in Christianity. [matadornetwork.com]
• Historical Role: Original basilica was built in the 4th century by Emperor Constantine; the current structure was completed in the 16th–17th centuries by architects like Michelangelo and Bernini. [britannica.com]
• Pilgrimage Site: Central to Vatican City, it hosts major Catholic ceremonies and draws millions of visitors annually. [britannica.com]
• Artistic Marvel: Houses iconic works of art and symbolizes the height of Renaissance creativity.
• Michelangelo’s Dome - Climb to the top for panoramic views of Rome and Vatican City 
• Bernini’s Baldacchino- A massive bronze canopy over the high altar, directly above St. Peter’s tomb. 
• The Pietà by Michelangelo - A stunning marble sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after the crucifixion, located near the entrance.
• St. Peter’s Tomb & Vatican Grottoes - Beneath the basilica, you can visit the necropolis and the tomb of St. Peter. 
• St. Peter’s Square - Designed by Bernini, the grand plaza outside the basilica is iconic for papal audiences. 
• Treasury Museum - Displays sacred artworks, liturgical items, and historical treasures. 
• La Navicella Mosaic by Giotto - A beautiful mosaic depicting St. Peter walking on water, located in the atrium before entering. 

Castel Sant’Angelo
 

Castel Sant’Angelo is about 1,900 years old, so it’s very close to 2,000 years.

• Originally commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family.
• It was inspired by the Mausoleum of Augustus and symbolized imperial power and grandeur
• Imperial Tomb: Held the ashes of Hadrian and several other emperors until the 3rd century. 
• Military Fortress: Converted into a fortress in 401 AD and integrated into Rome’s Aurelian Walls for defense.
• Papal Refuge: In the Middle Ages, popes used it as a safe haven during sieges. A secret passage (Passetto di Borgo) connects it to the Vatican.
• Name Origin: In 590 AD, Pope Gregory I reportedly saw Archangel Michael sheathing his sword atop the building during a plague, signifying its end—hence the name “Castle of the Holy Angel.”
• Later Uses: Served as a prison, papal apartments, and military barracks before becoming a museum in 1901.

 

Piazza del Popolo, 00187 Roma RM, Italy

A large, historic square in Rome,For centuries, this was the first view of Rome for visitors entering from the north. It symbolized the grandeur of the city.   An Egyptian obelisk from Heliopolis, brought to Rome by Emperor Augustus in 10 BC, now standing at the center of the square. Twin Churches: Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto, framing the entrance to Via del Corso

Villa Borghese

A romantic artificial lake with a small Ionic temple dedicated to the god of medicine.

A panoramic terrace overlooking Piazza del Popolo and offering one of the best sunset views in Rome. 

Historic Water Clock (Hydrochronometer) -A unique 19th-century water-powered clock designed by Giovanni Battista Embriaco

Villa Medici - 

Historic building now housing the French Academy in Rome, with art exhibitions and gardens.

Borghese Gallery

World-Class Collection: It houses some of the most important works of Renaissance and Baroque art in the world.

Intimate Setting: Unlike huge museums, the gallery is in a villa with beautifully decorated rooms, making the experience personal and immersive.

Masterpieces by Great Artists: Bernini, Caravaggio, Raphael, Titian, and Canova all have iconic works here.

Timed Entry: Only a limited number of visitors per slot, so you can enjoy the art without crowds.

Bernini’s Sculptures

• Apollo and Daphne: Captures the dramatic moment of transformation into a laurel tree. 
  The Rape of Proserpina: Incredible detail showing Pluto abducting Proserpina.
• David: Dynamic pose mid-action, a Baroque masterpiece.

Caravaggio’s Paintings

• Boy with a Basket of Fruit 
• David with the Head of Goliath
• Madonna and Child with St. Anne
• Known for dramatic light and shadow (chiaroscuro).

Canova’s Pauline Bonaparte

• A stunning neoclassical sculpture of Napoleon’s sister reclining as Venus.

Raphael’s Deposition

• A moving Renaissance painting of Christ being taken down from the cross.

Titian’s Sacred and Profane Love

• A mysterious and beautiful allegorical painting.

Ceilings and Frescoes

• Don’t forget to look up! The rooms themselves are works of art with ornate decorations.

Food

✅ Near Vatican City

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Il Sorpasso	€€ (Mid-range)	Roman pasta (Carbonara, Amatriciana), charcuterie boards, wine
Pizzarium Bonci	€ (Budget)	Pizza al taglio (by slice), creative toppings
Ristorante Arlù	€€ (Mid-range)	Fresh pasta, lamb, seafood
Duecento Gradi	€ (Budget)	Gourmet sandwiches (€6–8), over 50 varieties
La Pergola	€€€€€ (Luxury)	Michelin-star tasting menu, wine pairing (from €250+)

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✅ Near Piazza del Popolo

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Ad Hoc Ristorante	€€€ (Fine dining)	Truffle-based dishes, tasting menus
Babette	€€ (Mid-range)	Breakfast/brunch, homemade pasta, duck breast
Negresco Ristorante Pizzeria	€€	Thin-crust pizza, Roman Carbonara
Il Porto di Ripetta	€€	Seafood pasta, tuna tartare
Hotel Locarno (Aperitivo)	€€	Cocktails + Italian finger food

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✅ Near Villa Borghese

Restaurant	Price Range	Popular Items
Pastasciutta	€ (Budget)	Fresh pasta (Carbonara, Cacio e Pepe), quick service
Ristorante Vladimiro	€€	Traditional Roman dishes, meat & fish
Mirabelle	€€€€ (Luxury)	Gourmet Italian cuisine, rooftop views
Babette	€€	Breakfast, light lunch, ravioli with burrata
Canova Tadolini	€€	Carbonara (€11), dining among sculptures

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 Must-Try Desserts

1. Tiramisù

   • Layers of coffee-soaked ladyfingers, mascarpone cream, and cocoa.
   • Where to try: Pompi Tiramisù (famous for multiple flavors like strawberry and pistachio).

2. Gelato

   • Italian-style ice cream, creamier and richer than regular ice cream.
   • Where to try: Giolitti (near Pantheon) or Venchi (multiple locations).

3. Cannoli

   • Crispy pastry tubes filled with sweet ricotta cream.
   • Where to try: La Cannoleria Siciliana.

4. Maritozzo

   • Sweet bun filled with whipped cream, a Roman specialty.
   • Where to try: Regoli Pasticceria.

5. Tartufo di Cioccolato

   • Chocolate truffle dessert, often served frozen.
   • Where to try: Tre Scalini at Piazza Navona (famous for this).

6. Pastiera Napoletana

   • Traditional Easter dessert with ricotta and wheat berries, but available year-round in some pastry shops.

7. Sfogliatella

   • Layered pastry filled with sweet ricotta and candied fruit, originally from Naples but popular in Rome too.

8. Panna Cotta

   • Creamy dessert topped with fruit coulis or caramel.